CARDINAL SYMPTOMS OF CVS:

 1) Chest pain

2) Brreathlessness

3) Palpitation 

4) Syncope

5) Edema

6) Fatigue

CAUSES OF PLEURITIC CHEST PAIN

CAUSES OF PLEURITIC CHEST PAIN

Pleuritic chest pain is a sharp, stabbing in the chest that worsens with respiratory movements such as deep breathing, coughing, sneezing, or laughing.

CAUSES:

1. Infectious Causes: These are among the most common reasons for pleuritic chest pain.

Viral Infections 

Bacterial Infections: Pneumonia, Tuberculosis

Fungal Infections: Though less common, fungal infections can also inflame the pleura, especially in individuals with weakened immune systems.

Parasitic Infections

2. Inflammatory and Autoimmune Conditions:

Pleuritis due to inflammation caused by conditions such as SLE, Rheumatoid arthritis, Sarcoidosis

Pleural Effusion

3. Cardiovascular Causes:

Pulmonary Embolism

Pericarditis

4. Neoplastic Causes (Cancers):

Lung Cancer invading or irritating the pleura.

I Mesothelioma

Pleural Metastatic Cancers

5. Traumatic Causes:

Rib Fractures or Chest Injury

Thoracic surgery or other procedures involving the chest can lead to temporary pleuritic pain.

ILD with family history - differential diagnosis

 Differential diagnosis of ILD with family history:

1. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis - most common form of familial ILD presenting as UIP pattern
2. Other idiopathic interstitial pneumonia - NSIP, cryptogenic organizing pneumonia
3. Connective tissue disorder associated ILD - rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma associated ILD
4. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis - due to shared environmental exposure
5. Genetic mutations - Surfactant protein mutations (SFTPA2, SFTPC, ABCA3), telomeropathies (TERT, TERC), Hermansky pudlak syndrome, MUC5B polymorphism
6. Sarcoidosis

Health effects of dyes and chemicals used in Printing press

Process: Adhesive laminating 

Risk: Isocyanate prepolymers can cause an irritation of the airways and lungs leading to occupational asthma.

Process: Digital (ink-jet) printing

 Risk: Carbon present in black ink can cause lung irritation. Methyl ethyl ketone and propanol can cause abnormal heart rhythm and rate and can affect the liver and kidneys on long term exposure.

Process: UV lamps for photo processing, UV curing and high speed printing – ink misting 

Risk: Acrylates and methcrylates in  fumes can cause irritation of respiratory tracts with the potential for occupational asthma as well as severe headaches and nausea.

Health Effects Of Chemicals Used In Printing

Process: Etching, Engraving, Platemaking, Photographic Reproduction 

Risk: Nitric, sulphuric and hydrofluoric acids can cause skin burns, eye damage and blisters.

Process: Concentrated photographic developer or fixer solutions 

Risk: Acidic salt solutions and Hydroquinone can irritate eyes and even cause dermatitis

Process: UV and infra red curable inks, varnishes and lacquers 

Risk: Reactive acrylates or methacrylate’s can cause corrosion of the skin, eyes and mucous membranes.

Process: Lithographic platemaking, Gravure cylinder preparation and photoengraving. 

Risk: Ammonium, potassium and sodium dichromate’s are all very corrosive and can cause deep ulcers as well as a risk of cancer.

Process: Lithographic fount solution, blanket restorers, cleaning solvents, Gravure and flexographic Risk: Alcohol, Esters and Ketones can cause dermatitis, dizziness and other effects of the central nervous system.

Process: Flexographic, Dyeline Printing and Screen Inks Risk: Perchloroethylene, Ammonium hydroxide and Ketones can cause dizziness, drowsiness and other effects on the central nervous system via inhalation.

Process: Screen Cleaning chemicals 

Risk: Strong alkalis such as concentrated sodium or potassium hydroxide, Oxidisers and sodium hypochlorite solvents can cause corrosion of the skin, eyes and mucous membrane as well as dizziness and drowsiness

Progressive Pulmonary Fibrosis

 

Diagnostic Criteria for PPF:

To diagnose PPF, all three of the following must be present:

Underlying fibrosing ILD (non-IPF), with imaging or histology showing fibrosis.

Evidence of progression within the past year, based on at least one of the following:

1.Worsening respiratory symptoms, such as increasing dyspnea or cough.

2.Decline in lung function, especially:

Absolute decline in FVC ≥ 5% predicted

Decline in DLCO (diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide) ≥ 10% predicted

3.Progressive fibrosis on imaging, shown by:

Increased reticulation

New ground-glass opacities with traction bronchiectasis

Increased honeycombing

No alternative explanation (e.g., infection, heart failure, pulmonary embolism).

Aggravating factors for chief complaints

 AGGRAVATING FACTORS OF CARDINAL SYMPTOMS- MNEMONICS

COUGH:

PDFCE 

Pollution, Pollen, Posture

Drugs, Diurnal, Dry air

Food

Cold weather, Common cold

Exercise

SPUTUM

 "DRIVE DUST"

 

D – Dust exposure

R – Respiratory infections

I – Irritants (e.g., smoke, fumes)

V – Viral infections

E – Exercise or exertion

D – Dry air

U – Upper respiratory tract conditions (e.g., postnasal drip)

S – Smoking

T – Temperature changes (cold air or sudden temperature drops)

Breathlessness: 

 "BREATHE HARD"

 

B – Body position (e.g., lying flat in orthopnea)

R – Respiratory infections

E – Exercise or exertion

A – Anxiety or emotional stress

T – Temperature extremes (cold or heat)

H – Hypoxia or high altitude

E – Environmental triggers (allergens, pollutants)

H – Heart failure or fluid overload

A – Anemia

R – Reflux (gastroesophageal reflux disease)

D – Drugs (e.g., beta-blockers, 

WHEEZE:

“BREATHE WHEEZE”

B – Bronchial irritants (smoke, pollution)

R – Respiratory infections (viral or bacterial)

E – Exercise

A – Allergens (pollen, dust mites, animal dander)

T – Temperature changes (cold air)

H – Hormonal changes (pregnancy, menstruation)

E – Emotions (stress, anxiety)

W – Workplace irritants (occupational exposures)

H – Household triggers (perfumes, cleaning agents)

E – Environmental changes (high altitude)

E – Exposure to drugs (NSAIDs, beta-blockers)

Z – Zzz… sleep (nocturnal asthma triggers)

E – Eating (GERD-induced wheeze)

CHEST PAIN:

“CHEST PAINS”

C – Coughing or deep breathing (pleuritic pain)

H – Heat or cold exposure (vasospastic angina)

E – Emotion or stress (psychogenic pain, angina)

S – Swallowing (esophageal causes like GERD or spasm)

T – Trauma or movement (musculoskeletal pain, costochondritis)

P – Physical exertion (angina, cardiac ischemia)

A – Alcohol or large meals (GERD or esophageal spasm)

I – Infections (pleuritis, pericarditis, pneumonia)

N – Nighttime (GERD-related pain due to supine position)

S – Specific postures (pericarditis, GERD, musculoskeletal pain)

HEMOPTYSIS:

“COUGH BLOOD”

C – Coughing (increases airway pressure, ruptures small vessels)

O – Overexertion (exacerbates vascular stress)

U – Upper respiratory tract infections

G – GERD or vomiting (irritation of airways)

H – High altitude (pulmonary hypertension)

B – Bronchial infections (bronchitis, bronchiectasis)

L – Lung malignancy (coughing or irritation)

O – Operations (post-procedural bleeding, e.g., bronchoscopy)

O – Oral anticoagulants (worsen bleeding)

D – Deep breaths or physical strain (ruptures fragile capillaries)

Pathophysiology of early inspiratory crackles in OAD

Premature Airway Opening in Early Inspiration:

During the early phase of inspiration, as negative intrathoracic pressure builds, these collapsed small airways pop open. This sudden opening generates transient sounds—early inspiratory crackles.

Correlation with Disease Severity:

The presence of early inspiratory crackles often correlates with moderate to severe airway obstruction, especially in patients with chronic bronchitis or emphysema.

Neural control of respiration from Fishman

The respiratory control system, broadly speaking, comprises a controller, sensors, and a plan. This hierarchical structure, in which there is central processing of afferent input, is important for coordinating respiratory movements with behaviors such as eating, speaking, and moving. The controller is a neuronal network within the central nervous system (CNS), which is responsible for generating and modulating individual breaths and the overall breathing pattern. Often referred to as the respiratory central pattern generator (rCPG), the controller comprises reciprocally connected neuronal populations in the medulla and pons. Neural output from the rCPG drives the activity of various motor neuron pools. Motor neurons in the spinal cord (e.g., phrenic and intercostal) innervate the respiratory pump muscles, while brain stem motorneurons innervate upper airway muscles. The so-called “plant” is animportant component of breathing control and includes the CO2stores, which are made up of lung stores and circulating blood volume including hemoglobin. Closed loop feedback to the controller is supplied by chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors. The consistent cycling of the ventilatory pattern is generated spontaneously from the spatial and functional architecture of the rCPG. Intrinsic membrane properties of rhythmically active neurons within the rCPG are capable of producing automatic periodicity.4 In addition, reciprocal (excitatory and inhibitory) synaptic connections between neuronal populations in the medulla and pons are believed to be critical for the automatic generation of the respiratory rhythm.

The neural respiratory cycle comprises three phases

Inspiration (I) involves ramp-like increases in inspiratory motor neuron firing, which drive phrenic nerve activity throughout this phase. The first phase of expiration (E1) is often called post-inspiration because inspiratory motor neurons are still active. Persistent inspira-
tory motor activity during E1, which declines throughout this phase, acts to slow the exit of air from the lungs. Finally, during the second phase of expiration (E2), expiratory muscles are typically electrically silent. During this phase of passive relaxation, gas is expelled as the
lungs and chest wall return to their equilibrium state (i.e., functional residual capacity). However, under conditions where respiratory drive is increased, expiratory muscles including the internal intercostal and abdominal muscles become active during E2. This notion is an
example of how the central controller, influenced by sensory feedback, modulates and alters the integrated motor response of the system.

SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS - Diagnostic criteria

ACR/EULAR classification criteria for systemic sclerosis:

A total score of 9 or more is required for classification as systemic sclerosis.

1. Skin thickening of the fingers:

   - Proximal to the metacarpophalangeal joints (9 points).

2. Fingertip lesions:

   - Digital tip ulcers (2 points).

   - Fingertip pitting scars (3 points).

3. Telangiectasia (2 points).

4. Abnormal nailfold capillaries (2 points).

5. Pulmonary involvement:

   - Interstitial lung disease or pulmonary arterial hypertension (2 points).

6. Raynaud's phenomenon (3 points).

7. SSc-specific autoantibodies:

   - Anti-centromere, anti-topoisomerase I (Scl-70), or anti-RNA polymerase III (3 points).

SLE

SLE (American College of Rheumatology criteria )

1)Malar rash

2)Discoid rash

3)Photosensitivity skin rash

4)Oral or nasopharyngeal ulceration

5)Non erosive arthritis involving ≥ 2 peripheral joints

6)Serositis (pleuritis or pericarditis)

7)Renal disorder (persistent proteinuria or cellular casts)

8)Neurologic disorder (unexplained seizures or psychosis)

9)Hematologic disorder (hemolytic anemia, leukopenia, lymphopenia,or thrombocytopenia)

10)Immunologic disorder (positive LE cell, anti-DNA antibody, anti-Sm antibody, false-positive syphilis serology)

11)Elevated antinuclear antibodies

*Minimum of 4 criteria required

SJÖGREN SYNDROME

 sicca symptoms are mandatory

 supportive evidence including ocular signs (positive Schirmer test testing reduced tear formation, rose bengal score > 3 for staining of conjunction and cornea)

 typical histologic appearances salivary gland biopsy

antibodies to Ro (SS-A) or La (SS-B) or

 reduced salivary flow.

RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS - Diagnostic criteria

American Rheumatism Association revised criteria

1)Morning stiffness (lasting at least 1 hr)

2)Arthritis (soft tissue swelling or fluid) of 3 or more joints (PIP, MCP,wrist, elbow, knee, ankle, MTP joints)

3)Arthritis of hand joints (swelling of at least 1 wrist, MCP, or PIP joint)

4)Symmetrical arthritis (i.e., simultaneous arthritis of the same joints on both sides of the body)

5)Rheumatoid nodules

6)Serum rheumatoid factor positivity (at a level such that < 5% of normal controls are positive)

7)Radiographic hand or wrist changes typical of rheumatoid arthritis

At least 4 criteria for a minimum of 6 weeks

Sjogren's syndrome

Classification criteria for sjogren's syndrome 

1) Labial salivary gland with focal lymphocytic sialadenitis and focus score of > 1 foci/4mm²    

        3 points

2) Anti-SS-A/Ro positive

        3 points

3) Ocular Staining Score 5 (or van Bijsterveld score > 4) in at least one eye

         1 point

4) Schirmer's test < 5 mm/5 minutes in at least one eye

         1 point

5) Unstimulated whole saliva flow rate < 0.1 ml/minute

          1 point

A score of 4 classifies a patient who meets the inclusion criteria:

⁃ ocular and/or oral dryness or suspicion of SjS according to EULAR SjS Disease Activity Index (ESSDAI)

and does not have any of the exclusion criteria:

⁃ history of head and neck radiation, active HCV infection, AIDS, sarcoidosis, amyloidosis, graft-versus-host disease, IgG4-related disease.

* ACR/EULAR classification criteria

AGGRAVATING FACTORS OF CARDINAL SYMPTOMS- MNEMONICS:

COUGH:

PDFCE 

Pollution, Pollen, Posture

Drugs, Diurnal, Dry air

Food

Cold weather, Common cold

Exercise

SPUTUM

 "DRIVE DUST"

 

D – Dust exposure

R – Respiratory infections

I – Irritants (e.g., smoke, fumes)

V – Viral infections

E – Exercise or exertion

D – Dry air

U – Upper respiratory tract conditions (e.g., postnasal drip)

S – Smoking

T – Temperature changes (cold air or sudden temperature drops)

Breathlessness: 

 "BREATHE HARD"

 

B – Body position (e.g., lying flat in orthopnea)

R – Respiratory infections

E – Exercise or exertion

A – Anxiety or emotional stress

T – Temperature extremes (cold or heat)

H – Hypoxia or high altitude

E – Environmental triggers (allergens, pollutants)

H – Heart failure or fluid overload

A – Anemia

R – Reflux (gastroesophageal reflux disease)

D – Drugs (e.g., beta-blockers, 

WHEEZE:

“BREATHE WHEEZE”

B – Bronchial irritants (smoke, pollution)

R – Respiratory infections (viral or bacterial)

E – Exercise

A – Allergens (pollen, dust mites, animal dander)

T – Temperature changes (cold air)

H – Hormonal changes (pregnancy, menstruation)

E – Emotions (stress, anxiety)

W – Workplace irritants (occupational exposures)

H – Household triggers (perfumes, cleaning agents)

E – Environmental changes (high altitude)

E – Exposure to drugs (NSAIDs, beta-blockers)

Z – Zzz… sleep (nocturnal asthma triggers)

E – Eating (GERD-induced wheeze)

CHEST PAIN:

“CHEST PAINS”

C – Coughing or deep breathing (pleuritic pain)

H – Heat or cold exposure (vasospastic angina)

E – Emotion or stress (psychogenic pain, angina)

S – Swallowing (esophageal causes like GERD or spasm)

T – Trauma or movement (musculoskeletal pain, costochondritis)

P – Physical exertion (angina, cardiac ischemia)

A – Alcohol or large meals (GERD or esophageal spasm)

I – Infections (pleuritis, pericarditis, pneumonia)

N – Nighttime (GERD-related pain due to supine position)

S – Specific postures (pericarditis, GERD, musculoskeletal pain)

HEMOPTYSIS:

“COUGH BLOOD”

C – Coughing (increases airway pressure, ruptures small vessels)

O – Overexertion (exacerbates vascular stress)

U – Upper respiratory tract infections

G – GERD or vomiting (irritation of airways)

H – High altitude (pulmonary hypertension)

B – Bronchial infections (bronchitis, bronchiectasis)

L – Lung malignancy (coughing or irritation)

O – Operations (post-procedural bleeding, e.g., bronchoscopy)

O – Oral anticoagulants (worsen bleeding)

D – Deep breaths or physical strain (ruptures fragile capillaries)

Aggravating and relieving factors for cough , breathlessness, chest pain:

 1. COUGH

Aggravating factors:

Pollution, Pollen, Posture

Drugs, Diurnal, Dry air

Cold weather, Common cold

Food, Exercise

Relieving Factors:

Using cough suppressants or expectorants

Drinking warm fluids, Humidified air or steam inhalation

Avoiding triggers, Rest

2. BREATHLESSNESS:

Aggravating factors:

Exercise, 

Pollens,dust,smoke,cold air

Drugs- Aspirin,NSAIDs can aggravate breathlessness in asthmatics

Orthopnea- LV failure, large pleural effusion,massive ascites, morbid obesity and any severe lung disease.

Platypnea- ASD, patent foramen ovale, large intrapulmonary shunt,hepatopulmonary syndrome

Trepopnea- Due to large unilateral lung disease(patient prefers healthy lung down), dilated cardiomyopathy (pt prefers right side down)

Tumors compressing major airways/blood vessels 

Relieving Factors:

Rest or reducing physical activity

Oxygen therapy 

Bronchodilators 

Calm breathing techniques 

Elevating the head or upper body in severe cases

3. CHEST PAIN

Aggravating Factors:

Deep breathing, coughing, sneezing (if pleuritic)

Physical exertion (if cardiac in nature)

Stress or anxiety

Movement or pressure on the chest area

acid reflux

Relieving Factors:

Rest 

Pain medication

Positioning (e.g., lying on one side for pleuritic pain)

Relaxation or stress-reduction techniques

Oxygen therapy

Aggravating and relieving factors for pedal edema

 Aggravating and relieving factors for pedal edema

Aggravating factor

Prolonged immobility

Dietary- excess fluid 

Reliving factor

Compression 

Limb elevation

Diet- fluid and sodium restriction 

Reference: Hutchison and macleod

Causes of orthopnoea

 CAUSES OF ORTHOPNEA :

1. Left ventricular failure.

2. Asthma

3. COPD

4. Bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis in the absence of heart disease.

Ref : Fraser 4th edition page no. 388

Breathlessness aggravating and relieving factors

 Breathlessness aggravated by exercise - exercise induced asthma

Aggravated by Pollens,dust,smoke,cold air, drugs, animals - Asthma 

Drugs- Aspirin,NSAIDs can aggravate breathlessness in asthmatics

Aggravated by lying down- orthopnea(relieved by sitting)- LV failure, large pleural effusion,massive ascites, morbid obesity and any severe lung disease.

Aggravated by sitting up- platypnea (relieved by lying down)- ASD, patent foramen ovale, large intrapulmonary shunt,hepatopulmonary syndrome 

Aggravated by lying on oneside - trepopnea

Due to large unilateral lung disease(patient prefers healthy lung down), dilated cardiomyopathy (pt prefers right side down)

Tumors compressing major airways/blood vessels 

Referrence - Macleod's 13 th edition 

Respiratory system page no-142

Monkey pox -etiology and drug of choice

Monkey pox 

 

Etiology :Poxviruses are a family of double-stranded DNA viruses whose genomic structure is generally conserved across subfamilies, genera, and species.

Most poxviruses that infect humans are spread through contact, not  by respiratory route 

Patient usually presents with nodular or vesicopustular lesions ,fever ,followed by rash,centrifugal distributionprominet in palms and soles

 

 Treatment :mainly supportive and prevent secondary bacterial infection

Recently u.s FDA approved the anti viral drug Tecovirmat (Tpoxx) has been used.

Brincidofovir (tembexa)also approved by FDA

Ref : Harrison principal of internal medicine 

Indications of Aerobika

 Indications of AEROBIKA

COPD

Cystic fibrosis

Bronchiectasis

Bronchial asthma

Bronchiolitis obliterans

Relative contraindications to Aerobika

Untreated pneumothorax

Intracranial pressure > 20mm Hg

Active haemoptysis

Recent trauma or surgery to skull, face, mouth, or oesophagus

Patient with acute asthma attack or acute worsening of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) unable to tolerate increased work of breathing

Acute sinusitis or epistaxis

Tympanic membrane rupture or other known or suspected inner ear pathology

Nausea

Source- aerobika user guide

https://www.aerobika.us/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/patient-user-guide-en.pdf? 1

Chromogranin A

 Chromogranin A (CgA) is a constituent of neuroendocrine vesicles and catecholamine storage vesicles . Neuroendocrine cancer , like small cell carcinoma of lung has been found to have CgA secretion and hence used as a tumor marker . It has been used as a marker for disease progression and can also be demonstrated in immunohistochemistry of Neuroendocrine tumors .

 Indications for Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilation (NIV) in COPD

At least one of the following:

1) Respiratory acidosis (PaCO2 > 6.0 kPa or 45mmHg and arterial pH < 7.35)

2) Severe dyspnea with clinical signs suggestive of respiratory muscle fatigue, increased work of

breathing, or both, such as use of respiratory accessory muscles, paradoxical motion of the

abdomen, or retraction of the intercostal spaces

3) Persistent hypoxemia despite supplemental oxygen therapy

Reference : GOLD 2024

MECHANISM OF NORMAL BREATH SOUNDS

Normal breath sounds originate from the larynx. When the sound leaves the larynx it travels down the trachea and then divides when the airway divides. Some sound must be transmitted through the lung parenchyma but most travels down the airway. Eventually the sound travels along airways of different lengths and therefore becomes out of phase. Next it arrives in the respiratory bronchioles and alveoli and then gets transmitted through the chest wall to your stethoscope. The fat layer filters out much of the high frequency sound (above 4 kHz). The resulting sounds are much softer (because the sound has effectively been diluted throughout the whole of the lungs). There is no gap between inspiration and expiration (because all of the sound has become out of phase and therefore filled in the gap. Finally, the first third of expiration is now the only part that is audible because the latter two-thirds are much quieter.

REFERENCE : CHAMBERLAIN'S symptoms and signs of clinical medicine, 13th edition

 ILO CLASSIFICATION TO DESCRIBE PNEUMOCONIOTIC OPACITIES

ILO TERM                  OPACITY WIDTH                              OPACITY TYPE

P                                   < 1.5mm                                               Small rounded

Q                                  1.5 - 3 mm                                            Small rounded

R                                   > 3 - 10 mm                                         Small rounded

S                                   < 1.5mm                                               Linear/ Irregular

T                                   1.5 - 3 mm                                            Linear/ Irregular

U                                   > 3 - 10 mm                                         Linear/ Irregular

A                                   > 10 - 50 mm                                        Large

B                                   > 50 mm - RUZ                                    Large

C                                    > RUZ                                                  Large

Cardinal symptoms

 1. COUGH

Aggravating factors:

Pollution, Pollen, Posture

Drugs, Diurnal, Dry air

Food

Cold weather, Common cold

Exercise

Relieving Factors:

Using cough suppressants or expectorants

Drinking warm fluids 

Humidified air or steam inhalation

Avoiding triggers 

Rest

2. SPUTUM

Aggravating Factors:

Respiratory infections (e.g., bronchitis, pneumonia)

Exposure to cold air or smoke

Allergic reactions

COPD, asthma

Physical activity 

Relieving Factors:

Hydration 

Expectorants 

steam inhalation

Deep breathing exercises

3. HEMOPTYSIS 

Aggravating Factors:

Trauma or injury to the respiratory tract

Relieving Factors:

Treating the underlying condition 

Cough suppressants 

Oxygen therapy 

Positioning the person to reduce coughing or to prevent aspiration

4. CHEST PAIN

Aggravating Factors:

Deep breathing, coughing, sneezing (if pleuritic)

Physical exertion (if cardiac in nature)

Stress or anxiety

Movement or pressure on the chest area

acid reflux

Relieving Factors:

Rest 

Pain medication

Positioning (e.g., lying on one side for pleuritic pain)

Relaxation or stress-reduction techniques

Oxygen therapy

5. BREATHLESSNESS

Aggravating Factors:

Physical exertion or exercise

Exposure to cold air or allergens

Respiratory infections

Anxiety or panic attacks

Relieving Factors:

Rest or reducing physical activity

Oxygen therapy 

Bronchodilators 

Calm breathing techniques 

Elevating the head or upper body in severe cases

6. WHEEZE

Aggravating Factors:

Exposure to allergens or irritants (e.g., smoke, dust, pollen)

Respiratory infections 

Exercise or physical activity 

Cold air or sudden weather changes

Anxiety or panic attacks

Relieving Factors:

Bronchodilators 

Avoidance of triggers

Breathing exercises 

Inhaling steam

Rest and calm environment