CONGRATULATIONS SAHIB !!!

Hi

Hi,
This is Nasir Assar from Srinagar, Kashmir. I graduated from SKIMS and I am currently pursuing DNB in respiratory medicine at Apollo Hospitals, Chennai.

Muscles of respiration

Muscles of respiration: (ref : snells anatomy,tsr )
Diaphragm is the primary muscle for respiration
Inspiration: Diaphragm ,external intercostals
Expiration : Internal intercoastal muscles,abdominal muscles
Secondary muscles of inspiration-
1) sternocleidomastoideus
2) scalenes
3) pectoralis major
4) pectoralis minor
5) serratus anterior ,serratus posterior ,superior
7)upper iliocostalis
8 ) upper trapezius
9) l atissimus dorsi
10)erector spinae muscles of the back.

Secondary muscles of expiration
11) external oblique
12) internal oblique
13) rectus abdominus
14) lower iliocostalis
15) lower longissimus
16) serratus posterior inferior

krogh constant.

kroghs constant--
The single breath method for measuring CO uptake by the lung, which is used world-wide, was introduced by Krogh in 1915.This measurement was termed diffusion constant Krogh's diffusion constant for CO2.KCO2 was determined in respiring muscle tissue at various levels of tissue PCO2.
The carbon monoxide transfer factor (DL,CO) is the product of the two primary measurements during breath-holding, the CO transfer coefficient (KCO) and the alveolar volume (VA). KCO is essentially the rate constant for alveolar CO uptake (Krogh's kCO), and in healthy subjects, increases when VA is reduced by submaximal inflation, or when pulmonary blood flow increases
Krogh constant= DL / VA
unit of DL CO/ VA IS mmol·min−1·kPa−1·L−1.

Hi all

Hi all,
This is Anand, currently doing DNB resp medicine

DNB-2011-Question Bank-Updated

SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS IN RESPIRATORY DISEASE

1. Pulmonary Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy
2. Approach to a patient with chronic cough and normal CXR
3. Hemoptysis management
4. Massive hemoptysis – management
5. DD of chest pain
6. Intractable hemoptysis in different age groups with normal CXR
7. Pathogenesis of hemoptysis
8. Seasonal variations of lung diseases
9. Causes of pulsus paradoxus
10. Assessment of nutritional status
11. Predisposing factors for pulmonary aspiration
12. Evaluation of 50-yr-old male with SOB on exertion
13. Causes of chest pain an a diabetic

14.Evaluation &Management of 18yr.old lean thin boy with recurrent pneumothorax

15.Systematic approach to evaluation of a patient with breathlessness.

EPIDEMIOLOGY

1. Relative risk, odds ratio
2. Primary prevention
3. Cumulative incidence
4. Population attributable risk
5. Audiovisuals in health education about respiratory system
6. Define sensitivity, specificity, predictive value of a diagnostic test
7. Attack rate
8. Impact of population growth on smoking related lung disorders
9. Epidemiological risk factors for COPD
10.  Tuberculin test with specific reference to its epidemiological significance.

INVESTIGATIONS OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

1. DD of bihilar lymphadenopathy
2. Risks of diagnostic bronchoscopy
3. Bronchoalveolar lavage
4. Sputum induction techniques
5. Recent radiographic advances in chest disease assessment
6. Role of mini peak flow meters in asthma
7. DD of unilateral hypolucency of lung
8. Virtual bronchoscopy
9. Maximum inspiratory and expiratory pressures – clinical application
10. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing
11. Flow-volume loop
12. Ultrasound in lung diseases
13. Serum ACE
14. Digital subtraction angiography
15. Bronchial provocation test
16. Pulse oximetry
17. DD of radio opaque hemithorax
18. CT and MRI in diagnosis of mediastinal tumors
19. PCR
20. Luciferase
21. ANCA
22. Test for small airway disease
23. Virtual bronchoscopy
24. Medical thoracoscopy
25. Diagnostic approach to a non-resolving consolidation RLL
26. Bronchial artery embolisation
27. Endo bronchial ultrasonography (EBUS)
28. Capnometry – definition and clinical utility
29. Laboratory approach to diagnosis of   ILD.
30. Diagnosis of sequestration of lung.
31. Evaluation and management of 18 yrs old lean thin boy with recurrent pneumothorax.
32. Therapetic bronchoscopy current status.
33. Role of spirometry in assessment of obstruction.
34. Role of USG in respiratory diseases.
35. Clinical applications of spirometry.
36. Indications,contraindications,complications of medical thoracoscopy.

ANATOMY/PHYSIOLOGY/PATHOLOGY

1. Surfactant – role in physiology, clinical utility
2. Pulmonary sequestration
3. IgE - role in pulmonary disorders
4. Blood supply of lung.
5. Lymphatic drainage of lung
6. Mediastinal compartments – tumors in each compartment
7. Ventilatory response in hypoxia
8. Fate of an inhaled particle in lung
9. Compensation of respiratory acidosis
10. Anatomy of respiratory bronchiole
11. Developmental lung abnormalities
12. Alveolar macrophage
13. Diffusion coefficient
14. Mucociliary clearance
15. Non ventilatory function of lungs
16. Pulmonary defense mechanisms
17. Eosinophil
18. Abnormalities of gas exchange, methods of evaluation
19. Lipo oxygenase pathway
20. Structure of interstitium
21. Erythropoietin
22. Compensation in metabolic acid-base disorders
23. Respiratory acidosis
24. Lactic acidosis
25. Anion gap in acid-base disorders
26. Oxidant-antioxidant role in respiratory disease
27. Structure of cilia
28. Wide A-a gradient
29. Metabolic functions of lung
30. Ultra structure of acinus
31. Pressure-volume relationship of the lung
32. Metabolic alkalosis
33. Oxygen transport
34. Pulmonary gas exchange
35. Congenital abnormalities of diaphragm
36. Arachidonic acid pathway
37. Respiratory center
38. Alpha-1 antitrypsin
39. Nerve supply of lung
40. J receptors
41. Inspiratory capacity
42. Flow volume loops in diagnosis of upper airway obstruction and airway disease.
43. Factors affecting oxygen dissociation curve
44. Discuss anatomy of mediastinal lymph nodes
45. Control of breathing
46. Vocal cord dysfunction.
47. Effect of pregnancy on pulmonary functions.
48. Concept of physiological dead space &alveolar ventilation& clinical utility.
49. Anatomical & Physiological changes in pregnancy.
50. What is surfactant? Discuss it’s clinical utility.

DISORDERS OF PULMONARY CIRCULATION

1. Fat embolism.
2. Hepatopulmonary syndromes.
3. Prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism.
4. Ventilation-perfusion defects in massive pulmonary infarction.
5. Arteriovenous shunts in lungs and effect on acid-base balance.
6. Goodpasture’s syndrome.
7. Prevalence of pulmonary thromboembolism.
8. Pulmonary vasculitis.
9. Heparin in PTE.
10. Wegener’s granulomatosis.
11. Etiopathogenesis and management of Pulmonary hypertension.
12. Advances in pharmacotherapy of pulmonary arterial hypertension.
13. Treatment of pulmonary infarction.
14. Drug treatment of PHA.
15. ANCA associated vasculitis.Discuss in brief .

ALVEOLAR DISEASES

1. Alveolar hemorrhage syndromes
2. Neurogenic pulmonary edema
3. Diagnosis of intrapulmonary hemorrhage
4. Diffuse alveolar haemarrhage.
5. DDS of pulmonary alveolar haemorrhage.

PHARMACOLOGY/THERAPY

1. Pharmacokinetics, drug interactions of theophylline
2. Tiotropium
3. Mechanism of action of theophylline
4. Drugs causing bronchospasm
5. Leukotriene receptor antagonists, antileukotrienes in asthma
6. Gene therapy
7. Effect of ATT on blood sugars
8. Steven-Johnson’s syndrome
9. Cyclosporin A
10. Beta lactamase inhibitors
11. Pharmacokinetics, metabolism of Rifampicin, INH, PZA. Describe postulated theory of toxic hepatitis
12. Antibiotic MIC
13. Neurological side effects of ATT
14. Stem cell concepts
15. Newer macrolides
16. New ATT
17. Inhaled steroids
18. Antihistamines
19. Clofazamine
20. LASER in lung diseases
21. Radio sensitizers
22. Salbutamol

23.  Drug interactions of rifampicin

24.  Heliox

25. Bronchial artery embolisation
26. Advances in pharmacology of PAH.

OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASES

1. Risk factors for COPD
2. Asthma education
3. Nicotine replacement therapy
4. Pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with COPD
5. Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
6. Non-pharmacological & complementary interventions in asthma management
7. Pathogenesis, lab diagnosis of bronchial hypersensitivity
8. Topical steroids in asthma
9. Drug-induced asthma
10. Epidemiology of asthma in india.
11. Smoking cessation clinics
12. COPD and nutrition
13. Smoking, cadmium and emphysema
14. Primary prevention of asthma/allergy
15. Gene therapy of cystic fibrosis
16. Mechanism of airflow obstruction in emphysema
17. Prevention of COPD and complications
18. Steroids in COPD
19. Aerosol therapy – mechanism
20. Hypoxia during sleep in COPD
21. Genetic link in asthma
22. Dyskinetic cilia syndrome
23. Nicotine addiction – remedial measures
24. Steroid resistant asthma
25. Acute on chronic respiratory failure in COPD
26. Acute severe asthma
27. Pathology of emphysema
28. Pathology of bronchiectasis
29. DNAse in cystic fibrosis
30. New drugs in asthma
31. Elastase-antielastase in emphysema
32. Genetic basis of CF
33. Post mortem histology in acute severe asthma
34. Management of episodic asthma
35. Macleod’s syndrome
36. Indicators of severe airflow obstruction in asthma
37. Ventilatory parameters in small airways dysfunction
38. Flail chest
39. Predisposing factors for bronchiectasis
40. Susceptible smokers and the Dutch hypothesis
41. Middle lobe syndrome
42. Nocturnal asthma
43. Epidemiology of COPD
44. Management of acute hypercapneic failure in a patient of COPD
45. Reactive airway dysfunction syndrome
46. Bullous lung disease
47. Asthma mortality
48. Enumerate different approaches for smoking cessation. Pharmacological management strategies
49. Relationship/associations between tobacco smoking and asthma
50. Assessment and monitoring of severity of COPD
51. Heliox.
52. Reactive airway disease diagnostic criteria & management.
53. What are the aerosols?discuss the properties of aerosols that are important inhalational therapy.
54. Immunology:Current status in management of asthma.
55. Determinants of aerosol therapy.
56. Enumerate the common mimics of Asthma & their features which are important in differential diagnosis.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM AND OTHER SYSTEMS

1. Pulmonary manifestations of SLE
2. Lung in rheumatoid arthritis
3. Respiratory system and diabetes
4. Thyroid disorders and respiratory system
5. Pleuropulmonary complications in acute pancreatitis
6. Pulmonary changes in CCF
7. Prevention of Postoperative pulmonary complications
8. Causes of cor pulmonale
9. Lung and inborn errors of metabolism
10. SIADH
11. Diseases affecting kidneys and lungs
12. Pulmonary complications of malaria
13. Marfan’s syndrome
14. Idiopathic kyphoscoliosis
15. Pulmonary complications of obesity
16. Myxedema coma
17. Lung in neurocutaneous syndromes
18. Diastolic heart failure
19. Pathogenesis and clinical features of rheumatoid lung
20. Uremic lung.
21. Hepato pulmonary syndrome.

TUBERCULOSIS/HIV/INFECTIONS

1. Pneumococcal vaccination
2. Invasive aspergillosis of lungs
3. TB in immunocompromised host
4. Advances in immunological and microbiological methods in diagnosis of TB
5. Chemoprophylaxis in TB
6. Pool of TB infection in community
7. Respiratory infections / disorders in AIDS
8. Candidemia
9. Effect of MDR-TB on RNTCP
10. Role of persisters in TB
11. Risk factors in hospital-acquired infections
12. Pneumonia in elderly
13. Plan sample survey for TB
14. Western Blot in HIV
15. Mucormycosis of lungs
16. Mechanisms of drug resistance in TB
17. Bacterial adhesions/adherence
18. Poncet’s disease
19. Tuberculoma – diagnosis and clinical features
20. Impact of HAART in HIV/TB
21. Management of Addisonian crisis in TB
22. Radiological presentation of hydatid of lung
23. Anaerobic pleuropulmoanry infections of lungs
24. Vaccines to prevent respiratory diseases/Vaccinations against pulmonary infections
25. Ranke’s complex
26. Treatment and diagnosis of lung abscess
27. Histoplasmosis
28. Legionellosis
29. Steroids in TB
30. Pathogenesis/pathology of TB in AIDS
31. Voluntary testing and counseling centers
32. Sentinel surveillance in HIV
33. Public and private mix in TB
34. DOTS issues
35. Newer diagnostic techniques in TB
36. Pulmonary Nocardiosis
37. Antibacterial rotation and VAP
38. Medical treatment of lung hydatid
39. AIDS vaccine
40. Transmission of TB and prevention
41. Molecular biology and diagnosis of TB
42. Secondary Chemoprophylaxis of TB
43. PCR in TB
44. Humidifier fever
45. Hantavirus infection
46. Constraints of DOTS
47. MDR TB
48. Serologic diagnosis of TB
49. Penicillin resistant Pneumococci
50. Rapid diagnosis of Rifampicin resistance
51. Natural history of HIV
52. VAP – diagnosis
53. Window period of HIV
54. HAP, nosocomial pneumonia
55. Antifungal agents in ABPA
56. Causes of immunosupression and respiratory infections in ICH and prevention
57. Chronic granulomatous disease
58. Role and limitations of penicillins in CAP
59. ABPA
60. Bacterial adherence
61. Uses of BCG other than in TB prevention
62. Nonspecific tuberculin sensitivity
63. Pathogenesis of Staphylococcal pneumonia
64. Pleuropulmonary amebiasis
65. Prevention of influenza
66. Cryptococcal infection of lung
67. Culture methods in TB
68. Lab diagnosis of respiratory viral infections
69. Life cycle of Echinococcus
70. MOTT
71. Lung in helminthic diseases
72. PCP
73. Principles of antibiotic use and selection of empiric therapy for pneumonia
74. HIV and tuberculosis: Management issues
75. Emerging Respiratory infections
76. Avian flu
77. What is TB control? Describe briefly its epidemiological indices
78. XDR TB
79. Antibacterial rotation and VAP.
80. Diagnosis prevention & treatment of H1N1 influenza.
81. Measures of tuberculosis infection.
82. DOT PLUS programme.
83. Predisposing factors & clinical manifestations of lung abscess.
84. Diagnostic criteria &management of ABPA.
85. Diagnostic & therapeutic modalities in pulmonary hydatid.
86. Role of IGRA in TB.
87. Management of case of severe malaria with ALI.
88. Risk factors for developing TB. Outline important preventive strategies of TB .
89. Impact of HIV infection on the epidemiology of TB in the developing countries.
90. Risk factors and microbiological agents causing CAP.
91. Components, Aims, objectives and achievement of RNTCP. 

NEOPLASMS

1. Screening of lung cancer
2. Management of stage III lung cancer
3. Diagnostic approach to a 45-yr-old male with solitary pulmonary nodule
4. Serum/tumor markers in lung cancer
5. Free radical damage of DNA and cancer
6. Radioisotopes in lung cancer
7. Trends in chemotherapy in lung cancer
8. Adjuvant treatment in lung cancer
9. Non-metastatic complications in lung cancer
10. Role of bronchoscopy in SPN
11. Non-metastatic neuromuscular syndromes in lung cancer
12. Tumor-suppressor genes
13. Classification and staging oh Hodgkin’s disease
14. Staging, management of lung cancer
15. Choriocarcinoma
16. Ectopic hormone production
17. Etiology of lung cancer
18. What is quality of life, Scales used to measure QOL in cancer.
19. Chemotherapy for NSCLC
20. Staging of Non Small Cell Lung Cancer.
21. Non tobacco risk factors for lung cancer.

SURGERY AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

1. Pre operative pulmonary complication
2. Post operative pulmonary complications
3. Complications of lung resection
4. Pulmonary complications of abdominal surgery
5. Lung resection candidates/indications
6. LVRS
7. Post operative and long-term management in transplant recipients
8. Surgical management of bronchiectasis
9. Surgery in MDR TB
10. (Single) Lung transplantation
11. Heller’s operation
12. Preop eval for lung resection surgery
13. Surgery in TB
14. Thoracoplasty
15. Criteria for deciding operability in a 60 yrs old man for Ca lung having COPD.
16. Surgical interventions for management of advanced COPD.

MECHANICAL VENTILATION, CRITICAL CARE, OXYGEN

1. Optimum, Intrinsic PEEP
2. Severity scoring systems in ICU – rationale for use
3. Severe sepsis
4. Decision to forego life-sustaining treatment in ICU
5. Sepsis syndrome
6. Evaluation of hypoxia
7. Management of myasthenic crisis
8. Metabolic causes of respiratory muscle weakness
9. Weaning from ventilation, indicators and strategies for successful weaning
10. Cardiac output in ICU
11. Mechanism of invasive ventilation
12. Mechanism of non-invasive ventilation
13. Complications of mechanical ventilation and prevention
14. Hypoventilation syndromes
15. Different parameters in mechanical ventilation
16. Management of hemodynamic instability
17. CVP monitoring
18. Transfusion associated lung injury
19. Oxygen toxicity
20. Oxygen concentrators
21. Oxygen therapy – modes, equipment
22. Risk factors for ARDS
23. DIC
24. Management of cobra bite
25. Management of GBS
26. Modes of artificial ventilation
27. Complications, hemodynamics, pathogenesis of septic shock
28. BiPAP
29. CO poisoning
30. End-of-life issues
31. Respiratory stimulants
32. LTOT
33. OP poisoning
34. MODS
35. Infectious control measures in the ICU
36. Management of sepsis with multiple organ dysfunction
37. NIV-indications and contraindications in acute repiratory failure
38. Low tidal volume ventilation in ARDS
39. Palliative care in terminally ill patients with respiratory diseases
40. Non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema
41. Septic shock
42. Idiopathic resp. distress syndrome of the newborn HMD pathophysiology & management.
43. Ventilater management  strategies in ARDS.
44. O2 uptake transport & utilization in critically ill patients.
45. C/I to use of NIPPV.

DRUG-INDUCED LUNG DISEASES

1. Drug-induced lung diseases
2. Effect of cardiovascular drugs on lungs
3. Radiation pneumonitis.
4. Clinical manifestations of various drug induced lung diseases.

SLEEP

1. Syndrome Z
2. Effect of sleep on breathing
3. Sleep-disordered breathing
4. Sleep apnea syndrome
5. Consequences and management of OSA
6. Polysomnography.
7. Insulin resistance & OSA
8. What is metabolic syndrome? Discuss its association with OSA
9. Positive pressure therapy in Rx of OSA efficacy & complications.
10.  Epidemiology of OSA.
    
    

OCCUPATIONAL/ENVIRONMENTAL LUNG DISEASES

1. Bioterrorism
2. Indoor/Outdoor Air pollution
3. Risk from passive smoking
4. Classify,enumerate environmental pollutants & diseases caused by them
5. CFCs
6. Byssinosis
7. Air travel
8. Classification of occupational lung diseases
9. Impact of population growth in smoking related lung diseases
10. Future perspective in pneumoconiosis
11. Occupational asthma
12. Asbestos related lung diseases
13. Pulmonary adaptation and clinical disorders caused at high altitude
14. Pulmonary barotraumas in sea divers
15. Carcinogens in tobacco smoke
16. Caplan’s syndrome
17. Inhaling environmental tobacco smoke
18. Complicated pneumoconiosis
19. HAPE
20. Non malignant resp disorders in agriculture industry
21. Complications of silicosis
22. Bagassosis
23. Sick Building syndrome
24. Decompression Sickness
25. Environmental Tobacco smoke (ETS)
26. Global warming

27. Respiratory ailments & fitness to fly
28.  Coal workers pneumoconiosis
29. Jet lag
30. Enumerate important causes of  indoor air pollution & discuss in brief their effects on lung health.

INTERSTITIAL/INFLAMMATORY LUNG DISEASES

1.      Classification and diagnosis of IIPs

2.      Hypersensitivity pneumonitis-pathogenesis,

3.      Farmers’ lung

4.      Lung function abnormalities in ILD,Function derangements in IPF.

5.      Churg-Strauss syndrome

6.      Sarcoidosis in India

7.      Assessment of activity of alveolitis in ILD

8.      Chronic eosinophilic pneumonia

9.      BOOP

10.  Lymphangioleiomyomatosis

11.  Value of HRCT in ILD

12.  Eosinophilic syndromes

13.  Recent advances in management of IPF

14.  Amyloidosis of lower respiratory tract

15.  Pathologic changes in ILD

16.  Histiocytosis X

17.  Lung in systemic sclerosis

18.  Bronchiolitis obliterans

19.  Sjogren’s syndrome

20.  Recent advances in mgt of sarcoidosis

21.  Diagnostic approach to ILD

22.  Diagnostic approach to 70 yrs old man with ILD.

23.  Drug treatment of sarcoidosis

24.  Tropical pulmonary  eosinophilia. Etiology, clinical features & management.

PLEURAL DISEASES

1. Differences between transudative and exudative effusions
2. Pleural calcification
3. Bronchopleural fistula - management
4. Pleurodesis
5. Pleuropulmonary endometriosis
6. Meig’s syndrome
7. Hydrothorax
8. Parapneumonic effusion/Synpneumonic effusion
9. Pneumothorax
10. Management of malignant pleural effusion.
11. Management of  hepatic hydrothorax .
12. Causes & DD’s of non malignant pleural effusion.

MISCELLANEOUS

1. Pulmonary disability assessment
2. Biologicals in resp diseases
3. High altitude pulmonary edema.
4. Transfusion related lung injury.
5. Cardio pulmonary exercise testing indication & utility.
6. Cardio pulmonary resuscitation.
7. Diagnosis & treatment of metabolic alkalosis.

THESIS web Google Link

Dear PGs/Guides/Consultants /all


http://spreadsheets.google.com/ccc?key=0AvMMVOPHnL_ydDRKbXlwSmVYOWVnV01XdVhnUlJnNEE&hl=en
Click on the link above  created in Nov.2009 & see the pathetic state of misuse - & the reason why some PGs (guess who?) are having their Thesis screwed up at the last minute ,now.
Kindly UPDATE(PGs) your Thesis status in 24 hours flat - or you may invite unpleasant disciplinary action.
Consultants who are Guides : Kindly take up this matter on a war footing.

Welcome !!! Anand & Nassir

Dear Anand & Nassir

Welcome here to Apollo !
Wish you the BEST in your career !
Also suggest all to upload your Fotos in the blog ,please.....

CONGRATULATIONS !!! SreeDevi ,Rajkumar,Gopal & Bala !!

Congratulations to SreeDevi ,Rajkumar,Gopal & Bala !!!

This is a great  performance  !!! Bravo .



Good Luck .......

Y R U not Blogging????

Y R U not Blogging????
Update the DNB Q bank @ the old 2010 blog