Hi

Hi,
This is Nasir Assar from Srinagar, Kashmir. I graduated from SKIMS and I am currently pursuing DNB in respiratory medicine at Apollo Hospitals, Chennai.

Muscles of respiration

Muscles of respiration: (ref : snells anatomy,tsr )
Diaphragm is the primary muscle for respiration
Inspiration: Diaphragm ,external intercostals
Expiration : Internal intercoastal muscles,abdominal muscles
Secondary muscles of inspiration-
1) sternocleidomastoideus
2) scalenes
3) pectoralis major
4) pectoralis minor
5) serratus anterior ,serratus posterior ,superior
7)upper iliocostalis
8 ) upper trapezius
9) l atissimus dorsi
10)erector spinae muscles of the back.

Secondary muscles of expiration
11) external oblique
12) internal oblique
13) rectus abdominus
14) lower iliocostalis
15) lower longissimus
16) serratus posterior inferior

krogh constant.

kroghs constant--
The single breath method for measuring CO uptake by the lung, which is used world-wide, was introduced by Krogh in 1915.This measurement was termed diffusion constant Krogh's diffusion constant for CO2.KCO2 was determined in respiring muscle tissue at various levels of tissue PCO2.
The carbon monoxide transfer factor (DL,CO) is the product of the two primary measurements during breath-holding, the CO transfer coefficient (KCO) and the alveolar volume (VA). KCO is essentially the rate constant for alveolar CO uptake (Krogh's kCO), and in healthy subjects, increases when VA is reduced by submaximal inflation, or when pulmonary blood flow increases
Krogh constant= DL / VA
unit of DL CO/ VA IS mmol·min−1·kPa−1·L−1.

Hi all

Hi all,
This is Anand, currently doing DNB resp medicine