Celcius to Fahrenheit

Celcius to Fahrenheit= (9/5*celcius)+32

Fahrenheit to celcius=( Fahrenhei-32)*5/9

Pain sensitive areas in lungs

 1) Parietal pleural

2) Visceral pain pathway - triggered by various stimuli - receptors concentrated over bronchial bifurcation & upper airways - Causes retrosternal burning sensation

3) Diaphragmatic pain - Radiated to ipsilateral shoulder due to phrenic nerve irritation

4) Pain from chest wall.

Postitional variation of chest pain

 Positional variation in chest pain

Pain aggreavted in supine position

Pericarditis

Gerd

Angina

Pain aggrevated on lying  on the  pathology side

Pleuritic pain

Ref: Harrison

Atypical pneumonia- causes

1. Mycoplasma:

M. pneumoniae

2. Chlamydophila:

C.psittaci, C.pneumoniae

3. Bacteria:

Legionella spp., F. tularensis, Y.pestis, B.anthracis

4. Fungi:

Histoplasma, Blastomyces, Coccidiodes, Pneumocystis

5. Aspiration pneumonitis:

Sterile or mixed upper respiratory and oral flora

6. Viral agents:

Influenza, adenovirus, respiratory syncitial virus, parainfluenza virus, metapneumovirus, varicella zoster, measles, EBV, CMV, Hantavirus

7. Rickettsia:

C. burnetti

REFERENCE: Fishman’s 6th edition, pg no-2120

Collapse Radiologic signs

 Direct signs

1.Displacement of interlobar fissures

2.Crowding of vessels and bronchi

Indirect signs

1.local increase in opacity

2.elevation of hemidiaphragm

3.displacement of the mediastinum

4.compensatory over inflation

4 Approximation of the ribs

5.Absence of  an air bronchogram(resorption atelectasis only)

6.Absence of visibility of interlobar artery(in lower lobe atelectasis only)

Reference -Fraser volume 1 page 529

Sherwood jones classification

 Sherwood jones classification

Grade 1a Able to do housework or job with

moderate difficulty

Grade 1b Carrying out job or housework with

great difficulty

Grade 2a Confined to chair or bed but able to get

up with moderate difficulty

Grade 2b Confined to chair or bed but able to get

up with great difficulty

Grade 3 Totally confined to chair or bed

Grade 4 Moribund