Gram positive bacilli
Spore forming
Aerobic- Bacillus
Anaerobic- Clostridium
Non spore forming
Filamentous
Nocardia(weakly acid fast) ,actinomyces
Non filamentous
Listeria,corynebacterium
Gram negative cocci
Neisseria ,Moraxella
Gram negative coccobacilli
Hemophilus influenza
Upper respiratory tract is arbitrarily regarded as that part above cricoid cartilage. It includes nose,pharynx,paranasal sinuses,eustachian tube, larynx.
Lower respiratory tract extends from trachea
Reference - Crofton page 4
Muscles of inspiration
1.Diaphragm
2.External intercostal muscle
Acessory Muscles of inspiration
1.Sternocleidomastoid
2 Scalene Muscles
3.Trapezius
4 Pectoralis major and minor
Muscles of expiration
Only during forced expiration
1.Internal intercostal
2.subcoastalis
3.External oblique
4.Internal oblique
5.Rectus abdominis
3.Transverse abdominis
Local complications
1. Bronchiectasis
2 Hemoptysis
3.Fungal ball
4.TB endobronchitis ,tracheitis
5.calcification of lungs
6.scar carcinoma
7.obstructive airway disease
8.secondary pyogenic infection
9.non tuberculosis mycobacteria
Pleural complications
Chronic empyema
Acute empyema
Fibrothorax
Spontaneous pneumothorax
Systemic complications
1.secondary amyloidosis
2.chronic type 1 and type 2 respiratory failure.
3.pulmonary hypertension
4.chronic cor pulmonale
Low-grade: 37.3 to 38.0 C (99.1 to 100.4 F)
High-grade: 39.1 to 41 C (102.4 to 105.8 F)
Ref:Islam MA, Kundu S, Alam SS, Hossan T, Kamal MA, Hassan R. Prevalence and characteristics of fever in adult and paediatric patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A systematic review and meta-analysis of 17515 patients. PLoS One. 2021;16(4):e0249788
Exacerbation of COPD
An exacerbation of COPD is a sustained worsening of the patient's condition, from the stable state and beyond normal day-to-day variations that is acute in onset and may warrant additional treatment in a patient with underlying COPD.
Ref:ERS -COPD exacerbations: definitions and classifications
It is a questionnaire for assessing the degree of subjective sleepiness
Parameters
1.sitting and reading
2.watching TV
3.sitting inactive in public place
4.as a passenger in car for an hour
5.sitting and talking to someone
6.sitting quietly after lunch without alcohol
7.sitting in a car,in traffic for few minutes
Score
0- never doze
1- slight chance of dozing
2.moderate change of dozing
3.high chance of dozing
Score 0-24
A score more than 10 is considered abnormal.
