ECG changes

 P mitrale-

seen in left atrial enlargement

 broad p wave occupying >0. 11 sec in lead 2 or biphasic in V1

P pulmonale -

 seen in right atrial enlargement 

Tall p wave > 2.5 mm in lead 2

LVH - 

1.sum of s waves in lead V1 and sum of R wave in lead V6 more than 35 mm

2.S wave in V1 20mm or more in depth

3.R wave in V6 more than 25 mm

Right axis deviation

P wave negative in in lead 1 and positive in lead 3

Left axis deviation

P wave  positive in lead 1 and negative in lead 3

Normal axis 

P wave positive in lead 1 and positive in lead 3

Bronchial artery Anatomy

 Bronchial arteries most commonly originate from the descending thoracic aorta between the levels of t5 and t6 vertebral bodies but can originate anywhere between t2 to t7 level.

80% of individuals have a right Bronchial artery that arises as a common intercostobronchial trunk from the posterolateral aspect of thoracic aorta.the other Bronchial arteries arise from the  anterolateral aspect of the thoracic aorta.

Four classic branching patterns are there:

2 on the left and 1on the right arising as an intercostobronchial trunk (ICBT)-40%

1 on the left and 1 ICBT on the right -20%

2 on the left and 2 on the right -20%

1 on the left and two on the right -20%

Anomalous Bronchial arteries found in upto 35% of the individuals,may arise from aortic arch,intercostal arteries,internal mammary arteries,thyrocervical trunk,costocervical trunk,brachiocephalic artery,subclavian artery.

Anuria and oliguria definition

 Anuria- no urine or urine output less than 50ml / day

Oliguria- Urine output less than 400ml / days